pH Measurement Guide

pH measurement is a foundational analytical technique in laboratory and industrial processes, yet its underlying principles and practical limitations are often underestimated. Factors such as sensor design, temperature effects, reference systems, and calibration practices directly influence measurement reliability and data interpretation.

This guide provides a structured explanation of how pH is measured, how electrochemical principles translate into sensor signals, and what must be considered to obtain reliable and reproducible pH data in real applications. 

The guide covers the following essential topics:

• The definition of the pH scale and its logarithmic nature
• The NERST equation and its role in electrochemical pH measurement
• Components of the pH measurement system and measurement chain characteristics
• Sensor behaviour, response, and influencing factors
• Applications, calibration, and maintenance of Hamilton's pH sensors